Challenges and strategies toward long-term stability of lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells

Abstract Due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties, lead-based halide perovskite materials have been applied as efficient photoactive in solution-processed solar cells. Current record efficiencies offer the promise surpass those of silicon However, uncertainty about potential toxicity and facile dissolution water requires a search for new alternative perovskite-like materials. Thanks foresight scientists experience preparation, remarkable results obtained short period time using lead-free compositions. lower solar-to-energy conversion efficiency long-term stability issues are serious drawbacks that hinder progression these Here, we review analyse strategies literature most promising solutions identify factors limit power tin-based In light current state-of-the-art, perspectives further developing